Herbal Remedies,Herbal suppliments

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Relapsing Fever

November 24th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

Tick bite symptoms include rash, muscle pain, headache, and swelling. These symptoms can emerge anytime between one day and several weeks following the tick bite, depending upon the infection passed on by the tick.

Multiple sclerosis is caused by deterioration of myelin sheath, a layer that covers the nerves of central nervous system. The damaged nerves are not able to send electrical signals to the other part of the body which may affect day to day body function such as movement, speech or vision.

Fever is generally translated as jawar, the connotation of the term jawar in ayurveda is slightly different. It includes not only the rise in body temperature, but also the troubles that afflict mind, the 5 special sense organ, and the body.

Relapsing-remitting describes the initial course of 85% to 90% of individuals with MS. This subtype is characterized by unpredictable attacks (relapses) followed by periods of months to years of relative quiet (remission) with no new signs of disease activity. Deficits suffered during the attacks may either resolve or may be permanent. When deficits always resolve between attacks, this is referred to as “benign” MS.

You will usually experience the symptoms of rheumatic fever within 5 weeks after an untreated strep throat infection. The common symptoms of rheumatic fever include shortness of breath, painful and swollen joints, and chest pain. You might also end up suffering from skin rash on your chest, back and stomach. All these symptoms rheumatic fever are in addition to the symptoms strep throat which might also be present when you get rheumatic fever.

The relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis is the most common form of the disease and it predominantly affects young and middle-aged persons. The major characteristic of the relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis is that its generated symptoms are mild and tend to occur in flares.

Endemic typhus (also called “murine typhus” and “flea-borne typhus”) is transmitted by fleas on rats, and sometimes by fleas carried on cats or possums. This form of typhus will leave you with symptoms of joint pain, headache, chills, nausea, fever, vomiting, and cough.

Fever blister is called cold sore; herpes oral; herpes labialis. Fever blister located on the skin of the lips, mouth, and face is caused by the contagious herpes simplex type 1 virus. The symptoms of fever blister start with itching, soreness and tingling in a day or two, after that appears small, red and painful blisters.

Fevers are common in a variety of diseases, from mild to severe. A mild fever can also be caused by food allergies. The elevated temperature is an effort by the body to burn out infection, and the perspiration helps eliminate toxins. Therefore a partial fever may be helpful to the body in fighting the infection. If the fever does not get too high, let it run its course. Many enzymes, antibodies and white blood cell responses are better during slightly elevated temperatures.

Fever blister is called cold sore or herpes labialis. Fever blister is caused by infection herpes simplex virus type 1, usually affects on the skin of the lips, mouth, and face. The symptoms of fever blister begin with itching and soreness in a day or two, and then appears small, red and painful blisters

Read about herbal remedies and also read about ashwagandha and tribulus

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Arenavirus Infection

November 24th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

The yeast infection is in your system fighting for resources and competing to survive. When antibiotics enter your system, the goal is to attack and eliminate the yeast infection but in the process it also eliminates its natural competitors.

The best way to cure the infection is the natural way. One of the most common ways to naturally cure yeast infection is by using plain yogurt. Simply apply the yogurt on the affected are for instant relief. Yogurt contains good bacteria which is perfect to fight the yeast. Plain yogurt does wonders internally, so eat as much as you can to fill your body with good bacteria.

The  Infection doesn’t go away by itself and must be naturally cured. The new miracle cure that actually does work and cured the root of the vaginal  infection and not just mask the symptoms is 12 hour cure for yeast infection.

Foods As A Cause Of Yeast Infection There are many foods that can be a cause of yeast infections as I have explained below, but antibiotics are the primary cause of yeast infection due to the fact that they kill beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Other foods that can be a cause of yeast infections are grain foods, peanuts, corn, and red apples, which will actually grow mold on them as they grow.

In order to prevent your toddlers yeast infection from getting worse, you must also constantly change their diaper. The yeast can stay on the diaper, making the yeast infection get worse and not cure at all. Remember that these infections tend to grow and multiply where there is heat that is trapped.

Fortunately, there is a natural cure for yeast infection which is a safe way to get rid of yeast infection. This natural cure for yeast infection treats the root cause of the infection and eliminating the infection permanently. You will be free from the misery of this disturbing disease.

Men can get yeast infection like women. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner and there is also a chance to get the infection if you are in a prolong use of antibiotics. The food that you eat and weak immune system are also important factors contributing to recurring male yeast infection.

Today there is so much information and advice on the best way to treat Candida yeast infection that many people are not sure which kind of therapy they should seek. Today many woman throwing away hundreds of dollars on Candida yeast infection Treatments that are now only its effect or mask Candida yeast infection problem.

Another common symptom is itchiness. This too is located on or around the yeast infection. Some people may even get itchy on their legs. This is another symptom that can be cured with a natural treatment made specifically for this type of infections.

Penile Yeast Infection is not considered as Sexual Transmitted Disease. However, this kind of infection is contagious and may transmitted through sex. The men is normally infected when he is having unprotected sex with the women who is already suffering from the infection. Hence, it best to have preventive measures such as wearing condom, bath immediately after sexual intercourse and keep your sex toys clean.

Read about herbal remedies and also read about ashwagandha and tribulus

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Sleep Snoring

November 18th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

If you are overweight, this could be a cause of your snoring. By losing weight, you will be able to stop your snoring. A great way to lose weight is to frequently eat small meals (about every 2 hours), exercise (walk, run, jog, swim, or weight train), and drink plenty of water.

The treatment regimen you require to remedy snoring / cure snoring depends on your diagnosis; just simple snoring or snoring combined with sleep apnea. Another stop snoring remedy is abstaining from alcohol, smoking and tranquilizers. Some doctors suggest surgery to the soft palate to remedy snoring.

Using nasal drops before you go to bed can help you stop snoring. You can get this from your local pharmacy. The nasal drops will help open up your nostrils, which will allow more air to enter.

The best remedy to control your snoring is by maintaining your weight. Hence the first remedy of snoring is that you sleep sideways. But don’t worry, there are numerous things that remedy snoring / cure snoring available today. Some doctors suggest surgery to the soft palate to remedy snoring. Another stop snoring remedy is abstaining from alcohol, smoking and tranquilizers.

Snoring followed by the sleeper appearing to stop breathing altogether is called sleep apnea and is a very serious condition. Sleep apnea can cause heart problems, high blood pressure, impotency, weight gain, and headaches. Therefore, you should seek medical advice and attention.

Many people say their spouse’s snoring plays the major role in the sleep they lose every night. Bed mates of snorers lose an average of 2.5 hour of sleep per night and wake up as often as 21 times per hour. Being awakened by your partner’s snoring is called spousal arousal syndrome.

The main symptom of sleep apnea is stop breathing in repeated periods of sleep. Not all people who snore have sleep apnea, but almost all people who have sleep apnea have loud snoring.

Sleeping on your side is another way to stop snoring. If you sleep on your back, you could block your air passages, which will cause you to snore while you’re sleeping.

Quality of sleep can be greatly decreased due to loud snoring. Many have reported the loss of more than 2 hours of sleep every night from their spouse’s snoring.

Sleep partners of heavy snorers awaken over twenty times per hour, which considerably cuts into the effectiveness and extent of their sleep. The first cure to stop snoring is to sleep on your side. Sleeping on your back will cause you to block your airways. So, be sure to sleep on your side.

Some of the side effects could include any number of things like being tired mid-day, having a harder time getting over a cold, feelings of being emotional, decreased productivity at work, and a slower reaction time. The sound of snoring also effect those around you trying to sleep.

Avoid breathing through your mouth. You will need to understand how best to keep your tongue while sleeping so as to prevent snoring. You can get any of the products that are designed to keep the mouth shut while sleeping to prevent snoring. Some of the products are Chin-Up Strip, Snoring Stopper, Snorgon, and Snore Stopper.

Read about herbal supplements and also read about boswellia and mucuna

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Aerobics Cardio

November 18th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

Aerobics (long, steady state sub-maximal cardio) aren’t much good for many health or fat loss related benefits. I’ve already done a post on why aerobics suck for fat loss. And then I went over the health benefits of interval training versus steady-state aerobics in my interval training for fat loss article

Cardio is used in reference to exercises and/or equipment intended for cardiovascular fitness and endurance training (aerobic exercise). “To do cardio” is a common term which means to engage in Running or other endurance training for a set period of time. Having Cardio equipment at home is a great way to be sure to get it in.

The exercises are also very much important to the men. These exercises will help develop the flexibility that will aid in reducing the chances of injuries to the body. These exercises also help in the continuous development of the body. The exercises work to increase the activity level and the oxygen supply to the various parts of the body.

It is important that we work out the cardio system. This is because the cardio system is the core of the body. With a weak cardio system there are not many exercises that we can perform. A weak cardio system also makes a person prone to many heart problems and diseases.

Again, that’s why you see these overweight aerobics instructors that can probably do well in a triathlon (because of excellent endurance), but don’t lose any fat weight.

Aerobics is also known as cardiovascular exercises and it improves oxygen intake and works major muscle groups like the lungs and heart. Aerobics speeds up your metabolism and this leads to fat burning and weight loss, by keeping your heart rate up for an extended period of time. Most instructors suggest 30 minutes of exercise to get the heart rate up to with a 5 minute warm up and 5 minute cool down.

Because you would look forward to doing it and won’t likely miss (or “play truant”) and would likely stay put in it long, to achieve your goal- either to lose weight or to maintain good health.

Cardio and aerobic exercises are helpful to strengthen the respiratory muscles and it results in smoother and unlabored breathing. These exercises are good for strengthening the cardiovascular muscles and it also improves the hearts pumping efficiency. It tones the muscles of all parts of body that results in improved blood circulation and reduced blood pressure.

Most people perform cardio training to burn excess calories. With obesity as one of the leading health problems in the Western world today, people are seriously considering doing cardio workouts since they burn much more fats and carbohydrates in so little span of time. But it must be noted that the amount of calories burned during cardio training will always be dependent on the body weight of the exerciser, the intensity of his workouts and the type of activity he does.

If you were looking to change up your aerobic routine, I would suggest you try water aerobics.Also known as aqua aerobics or aqua-fit. Water aerobics is similar to any other kind of cardio exercise. You run, do jumping jacks, perform arm movements and kicks, except you are in the water.

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Quit smoking

November 11th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

The key to finding the right quit smoking aids is to compare them and determine which one will work best for you. However, in this period of time people prefer natural quit smoking methods such as acupuncture, natural tea leaves and laser treatments.

Usually a health scare is enough to send a “smokers” drive looking for an easy way to quit smoking. Whether it be themselves or a family member who have experienced an unpleasant health side effect from a result of smoking cigarettes.

Quit smoking laser therapy is the of the best laser treatments to quit smoking. Quit smoking laser therapy is very similar to the traditional method of acupuncture except that instead of needles a low-power laser is used. Quit smoking laser therapy is one of the surest and safest methods to use when dealing with smoking cessation.

When you have the desire to quit smoking rest assured this is a desire that can be acted upon and satisfied. By having the desire to quit smoking you can then take the next step along with any subsequent steps that lead you down the road to a smoke free life. The desire for things typically have to do with things that are lacking from our own lives or the lives of ones we love.

When you use the quit smoking patches, it is important that you have the willpower and the determination to stop as well. The patches are not some miracle to stop you from smoking. If the urge to smoke is greater than the urge to quit, the patches will not work for you.

When you’re addicted to smoking and you want to quit smoking you look for miraculous ways to take away your addiction. People will tell you that you should quit smoking as soon as possible, and hey, if they are your friends then obviously they will tell you that, they are only looking out for you.

Quit smoking side effects create problems but you can easily fight with those. Remember these effects are not permanent. You will feel these side effects only for few weeks after quitting. With a little bit of will power you can easily give up smoking.

By using hypnotherapy or hypnosis you will have the possibility to avoid the thoughts of cigarettes. After using hypnotherapy you will no longer crave for cigarettes. You will not suffer for any of withdrawal symptoms when you decide to quit by using this type of quit smoking method. This method will fit every smoker, even if they have tried quit smoking several times before.

The quit smoking product is designed to help people give up smoking. But no matter how good or effective this product is, without the person’s will it will have almost no effect. Unless you don’t really want to become smoke free, you will eventually start smoking again.

Some of the side effects are very common like suffering from insomnia (not able to sleep), feeling restless, headache, constipation and weight gain. Drink lots of water and fruit juice after you quit. This will help you reducing some of the side effects like headache and weight gain. Drinking water and juice will also help you reducing the carving. Regular exercise can also help you reducing some of the side effects.

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Contraceptives Birth Control

November 11th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

In many cases it is true that oral contraceptives can clear up acne, but this isn’t true in all cases. Choosing to use oral contraceptives is a decision that must be made carefully, because there is certain side affects associated with birth control pills. With that said, however, the FDA has even approved some brands of oral contraceptives, to be used in the treatment of acne.

Most people are surprised when they find out that there is a connection between birth control and hair loss. If you are using birth control or if you are suffering from a form of hair loss then you should definitely read on to determine whether or not the connection between birth control and hair loss applies to you.

With Insulin Resistance being the root cause of PCOS, women must think twice before considering the use of birth control pills to control irregular or absent menses. Not only do oral contraceptives not address the cause of PCOS but they actually may worsen the problem with Insulin Resistance.

There are numerous forms of contraceptives for women. To identify some, there are injections, female condoms, sponges, intrauterine devices, birth control pills and birth control patches. Women are sometimes given the sole burden and responsibility when carrying out a natural birth control method, which is based on the fertility period around the time of menstruation.

Are condoms as contraceptives effective in curtailing and preventing pregnancies? The answer is a resounding yes. Although, there are cases when condoms fail to prevent the fertilization of egg cells and sperm cells. According to standard scientific studies about this form of contraceptives, there are about 2% of condom users who experience pregnancy yearly.

There are various hormonal methods for birth control, which work by changing the chemistry of a woman’s body. It is a fact that male sperm cannot fertilize if there is no egg released. This concept is widely agreed as a proven mechanism to prevent pregnancy. Oral contraceptive makes it difficult for sperm to reach the egg to prevent fertilization. Women naturally produce two types of hormones namely, estrogen and progestin. All the contraceptives that are based on hormones contain artificial estrogen and progestin as their ingredient.

It is time that the human race control this incredible population growth and to do that it will be necessary to practice more birth control and enlighten large population bases on contraceptives. Without a Worldwide plan to prevent these out of control birth rates we will indeed end up running out of natural resources

Physicians recognize that for the most part oral contraceptives are a safe and effective form of birth control. They also recognize that birth control pills have been clinically proven to have other health benefits for some women who use them. It is important, however, to warn females about the potential risk of hair loss with this form of contraceptive.

Metabolism is also a major cause. The basal metabolic rate increases according to body weight; more the body weight, more basal metabolic rate. The increase in metabolic rate decreases the duration of medication effect. This is the also one of the causes due to which oral contraceptives do not work.

Read about herbal supplements and also read about triphala and shilajit

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Schistosomiasis

November 6th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

Although it has a low mortality rate, schistosomiasis often is a chronic illness that can damage internal organs and, in children, impair growth and cognitive development.The urinary form of schistosomiasis is associated with increased risks for bladder cancer in adults.Schistosomiasis is the second most socioeconomically devastating disease after malaria.

In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes, which live in the blood vessels. The females release eggs, some of which are passed out of the body in the urine or faeces. Others are trapped in body tissues, causing an immune reaction.

Schistosomiasis is also known as bilharzia after Theodor Bilharz, who first identified the parasite in Egypt in 1851. Infection is widespread with a relatively low mortality rate, but a high morbidity rate, causing severe debilitating illness in millions of people. The disease is often associated with water resource development projects, such as dams and irrigation schemes, where the snail intermediate hosts of the parasite breed.

Schistosomiaisis is a disease caused by parasitic worms. You become infected when your skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. Schistosomiasis is not found in the United States, but more than 200 million people are infected worldwide.

Eggs travel to the liver or pass into the intestine or bladder, causing inflammation or scarring. Children who are repeatedly infected can develop anemia, malnutrition, and learning difficulties. After years of infection, the parasite can also damage the liver, intestines, lungs, and bladder. Rarely, eggs are found in the brain or spinal cord and can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation.

Symptoms vary with the species of worm and the phase of infection, Initial invasion of the skin may cause itching and a rash (swimmer’s itch), Heavy infestation (a large number of parasites) may cause fever, chills, lymph node enlargement, and liver and spleen enlargement,Urinary symptoms may include frequent urination, painful urination (dysuria), and blood in the urine (hematuria).Intestinal symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea (which may be bloody).

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma flukes, which have complex life cycles involving specific freshwater snail species as intermediate hosts. Infected snails release large numbers of minute, free-swimming larvae (cercariae) that are capable of penetrating the unbroken skin of the human host. Even brief exposure to contaminated freshwater (e.g., during wading, swimming, or bathing) can result in infection.

Schistosomiasis is caused by digenetic blood trematodes.  The three main species infecting humans are Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. Two other species, more localized geographically, are S. mekongi and S. intercalatum. In addition, other species of schistosomes, which parasitize birds and mammals, can cause cercarial dermatitis in humans.

Schistosomiasis mainly affects adults workers in rural areas, employed either in agriculture or the freshwater fishing sector. In many areas, a high proportion of children between the ages of 10 and 14 are infected. Urinary schistosomiasis affects 66 million children throughout 54 countries. In some villages around Lake Volta in Ghana, over 90% of the children are infected by the disease.

Persons at risk include those who live or travel in areas where schistosomiasis occurs and who come into contact with fresh water that contains the appropriate type of snail intermediate host.

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Helminthiasis

November 6th, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms such as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms reside in the gastrointestinal tract but may also burrow into the liver and other organs.

Infestation can cause morbidity, and sometimes death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, inducing tissue reactions, such as granuloma, and provoking intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse. Control of helminthiasis is based on drug treatment, improved sanitation and health education.

Helminthiasis (medical condition): Infection of the human body with a parasitic worm such as roundworms and pinworms. The worms usually only involve the intestinal tract but sometimes they may invade other organs. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the type of worm and the part of the body infected.

Abdominal pain is a very common symptom, and also common in children. Unfortunately, because there are so many possible causes of abdominal pain, and many cases are not serious, many cases of acute appendicitis are misdiagnosed each year as gastroenteritis or some other similar condition, especially in children and infants. Although appendicitis is an uncommon condition, it can be fatal. And there are many other serious conditions that may cause abdominal pain.

A reliable diagnosis can be made only by accurate identification of the individually recovered parasites; careful and complete necropsy techniques are essential. Only by specific recognition of the parasite can meaningful recommendations be made on flock therapy and management.

Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms such as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms reside in the gastrointestinal tract but may also burrow into the liver and other organs.

Spigelia corresponds to those symptoms which are especially violent after dinner, when the patient complains of pinching pains in the abdomen, with coldness and diarrhoea, canine hunger and thirst, morning nausea with sensation as if something were crawling out of the stomach into the throat, biting in the nose, pale countenance, palpitation of the heart, anguish.

The causal agent of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is any of the following worms: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms. Recent estimates suggest that A. lumbricoides infects over 1 billion people, T. trichiura 795 million, and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) 740 million. The greatest numbers of soil-transmitted helminth infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China and east Asia. Infection is caused by ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil (A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura) or by active penetration of the skin by larvae in the soil (hookworms).

The high frequency of worm infections in the tropics is due to the lack of hygiene, faecal pollution of soil and water, the presence of vectors and the temperature and moisture of the environment. The human population generally includes a small number of people who are heavily infested (“wormy persons”) and a high percentage who have few worms. These wormy persons form the most important target group for treatment from an epidemiological and pathological point of view. Infestations with geohelminths (worms transmitted via infected soil) are numerous and very widely distributed.

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Escherichia coli infections

November 1st, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

E. coli is the name of a type of bacteria that lives in your intestines. Most types of E. coli are harmless. However, some types can make you sick and cause diarrhea. One type causes travelers’ diarrhea. The worst type of E. coli causes bloody diarrhea, and can sometimes cause kidney failure and even death. These problems are most likely to occur in children and in adults with weak immune systems.

The most common way to get this infection is by eating contaminated food. You can be infected with the E. coli germ if you don’t use a high temperature to cook your beef, or if you don’t cook it long enough. When you eat undercooked beef, the germs go into your stomach and intestines.

Infections start when you swallow STEC—in other words, when you get tiny (usually invisible) amounts of human or animal feces in your mouth. Unfortunately, this happens more often than we would like to think about. Exposures that result in illness include consumption of contaminated food, consumption of unpasteurized (raw) milk, consumption of water that has not been disinfected, contact with cattle, or contact with the feces of infected people. Some foods are considered to carry such a high risk of infection with E. coli O157 or another germ that health officials recommend that people avoid them completely

The bacteria are acquired by eating food containing the bacteria. The bacteria live in the intestines of some healthy cattle, and contamination of the meat may occur in the slaughtering process. Eating meat that is rare or inadequately cooked is the most common way of getting the infection. Infection can also occur after consuming foods such as lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, salami, and unpasteurized milk, juice or cider. Person-to-person transmission can occur if infected people do not wash their hands after using the toilet.

Symptoms of the diseases caused by EHEC include abdominal cramps and diarrhoea that may in some cases progress to bloody diarrhoea (haemorrhagic colitis). Fever and vomiting may also occur. The incubation period can range from three to eight days, with a median of three to four days. Most patients recover within 10 days, but in a small proportion of patients (particularly young children and the elderly), the infection may lead to a life-threatening disease, such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterized by acute renal failure, haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia.

Respiratory tract infections due to E coli are uncommon and are almost always associated with E coli UTI. No virulence factors have been implicated. E coli pneumonia may also result from microaspiration of upper airway secretions that have been previously colonized with this organism in severely ill patients; hence, it is a cause of nosocomial pneumonia. However, E coli pneumonia can also be community-acquired in patients who have underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and E coli UTI. E coli pneumonia usually manifests as a bronchopneumonia of the lower lobes and may be complicated by empyema. E coli bacteremia precedes pneumonia and is usually due to another focus of E coli infection in the urinary or GI tract.

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Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral

November 1st, 2008 by · No Comments · Uncategorized

Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease.

Although all begin with fever and muscle aches, some viral hemorrhagic fevers progress to more serious problems, including severe internal and external bleeding (hemorrhage), widespread tissue death (necrosis), and shock.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. These include the Ebola and Marburg viruses and Lassa fever virus. VHFs have common features: they affect many organs, they damage the blood vessels and they affect the body’s ability to regulate itself. Some VHFs cause mild disease, but some, like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease and death.

VHFs share many common features. Infectious agents that are arthropod-borne (usually mosquitoes) cause many VHFs. For several VHFs, person-to-person transmission may occur through direct contact with infected patients, their blood, or their secretions and excretions. Animal reservoirs are generally rats and mice, but domestic livestock, monkeys, and other primates may also serve as intermediate hosts.

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in the region.

Viruses associated with most VHFs are zoonotic. This means that these viruses naturally reside in an animal reservoir host or arthropod vector. They are totally dependent on their hosts for replication and overall survival. For the most part, rodents and arthropods are the main reservoirs for viruses causing VHFs. The multimammate rat, cotton rat, deer mouse, house mouse, and other field rodents are examples of reservoir hosts. Arthropod ticks and mosquitoes serve as vectors for some of the illnesses. However, the hosts of some viruses remain unknown — Ebola and Marburg viruses are well-known examples.

The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route. Although evidence for a history of “weaponization” (development into a biological weapon) does not exist for many of these viruses, all are considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized.

The most notorious of the VHF viruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, belong to the Filoviridae family. Ebola virus first was described in 1976 after outbreaks of a febrile, rapidly fatal hemorrhagic illness were reported along the Ebola River in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Sudan. Sporadic outbreaks have continued since that time, usually in isolated areas of central Africa. An outbreak in Kikwit, Zaire, in 1995 led to 317 confirmed cases, with an 81% mortality rate. Two thirds of the patients were among health care workers caring for infected individuals

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by hantaviruses from the family Bunyaviridae. HFRS includes diseases such as Korean hemorrhagic fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and nephropathis epidemica. The viruses that cause HFRS include Hantaan, Dobrava-Belgrade, Seoul, and Puumala..

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